Objective56: Examine Differences in Metabolic and Respiratory Acidosis and Alkalosis

These charts broke it down in an easy to understand form. I was able to get a working knowledge of the subject from this website as well as the textbook.

Objective57: Justify the Role of Lacteals in Transporting Products of Digestion

Here is where I learned about lacteals role in transporting  products of digestion.

Objective61: State the Chemical Forms in Which the Major Food Classes are Absorbed

Pages 784-785 explain chemical digestion and absorption. I learned these classes are carbohydrates, protein, fat, and nucleic acid. The color coded chart helped me to see the differences in where they are absorbed and how.

Objective64: Discuss How Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide are Transported

This is where I learned about the transport of these gases in the body. They are transported in the blood as it is pumped through the heart and lungs. They are necessary for life. Several illnesses are attributed to abnormalities of this process.

Objective63: Describe the Structure and Function of the Renal Corpuscles and Renal Tubules

This page in the textbook (page 842) taught me about this subject. It explained the renal corpuscles and renal tubules in an easy to understand text. It also provided the basis for my understanding of the glomerular capsule and how loop of Henle contributes to the entire process.

Objective65: State the Importance of Juxtaglomerular Cells in the Secretion of Renin

This page in the textbook, (page 844), helped me understand the importance of the juxtaglomerular cells in the secretion of renin. The diagram was also helpful in my understanding of the process.

Objective62: Describe External and Internal Gross Renal System Anatomy

This website describes the internal renal anatomy while this one describes the External anatomy. Just like I learned most of the anatomy in this class, I labeled these diagrams several times until I became proficient at it. 

Objective47,53: Define Dalton's Law of Partial Pressure, Boyles Gas Law and Relate Both to Respiratory Physiology, Decide How Arterial Carbon Dioxide Concentrations Affect Ventilation

Boyle's Law

Boyle's Law basically states that gas pressure and volume are inversely related. What this means is that the smaller the space the gas is contained in, the greater the pressure of the gas in that container. Imagine that gas molecules are ping pong balls in a big box. They don't interact very much. Then you put the same amount in a smaller box and a smaller box, they interact more and more. As they interact more, the pressure increases.
Boyle's Law explains how the air gets in and out of your lungs, that is, how it travels through the conducting system and fills the alveolar sacs. It works like this: Gas pressure changes in your thoracic cavity in response to your muscles contracting and your ribcage expanding.

Daltons Law:
Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures describes how pressure gradients can facilitate diffusion for individual gases between your blood and lungs. And Henry's Law explains how gases can move into and out of solution—in the case of our bodies, how oxygen and carbon dioxide can dissolve and diffuse out of the blood

Objective48: Delineate the Role of Muscles and Lung Elasticity in Inhalation and Exhalation

I used these practice flashcards to learn the muscles of inhalation and exhalation. From the diaphragm and intercostals to the accessory muscles(serratus anterior and pecs), this was a good way for me to become familiar with the process and the muscles involved.

Objective36,39,40,42: Recognize Pathogen Types and Outline how the Body Protects Itself, Explain why Development of Self Tolerance is Important, Describe Cellular and Non-Cellular Immunity, Distinguish non-specific, Innate or Natural Immunity From Specific or Acquired immunity

This work was the best I could come up with to learn this subject. Immunity was not one of the more interesting subjects to me. I did what I could with it but found it very  dry.

Objective77: Recognize that a Blastocyte Secretes Human Gonadotropin, Which Prolongs the Life of the Corpus Luetum

This website helped me to understand the corpus luteum and how its life is prolonged by human gonadotropin.

Objective72: Evaluate Fertilization in Terms of Evolutionary Fitness

This video pretty much sums it up. Not much more to explain on this one. I wish I had something to add to the subject but I don't.

Objective46,49: Relate Breathing to Cellular Respiration, Contrast Inspiration and Exhalation

This small video does a great job in explaining inspiration and exhalation. It is broken down into simple concepts. It also helped me to understand the pressure differences and how that effects breathing. Its actually pretty simple once I got the concept. I also found it helpful to review cellular respiration to further my understanding of how breathing takes place. There are a lot of things that have to happen to keep us breathing. A lot of things we have difficulty with as we age. Even things down to the muscles of inspiration can keep us from getting the oxygen we need to properly breath.

Objective15: Discuss How the Adrenal Gland Responds to Stress

http://www.managingstress.com/articles/physiology.htm This was huge in allowing me to understand how the adrenal glands respond to stress. It also helped me to understand how they work with the central nervous system to create the fight or flight response. I find it amazing that such small glands can be so powerful and cause tremendous changes in the body. Especially without us consciously turning them on and off.

Objective11,12,13: Understand Structure and Function of the Endocrine System in Relation to Growth and Homeostasis, Name Hypothalamus-pituitary Complex Hormones and Give Their Functions, Name Hormones of the Gonads and Give Their Functions

The first thing I did was learn the organs of the endocrine system. Then I learned the hormones each produced.Finally, I learned how the hormones effected growth and homeostasis.

Objective2,3,6: Apply Critical and Integrated Thinking Skills, Solve for Unknown s by Manipulating Variables, Use Oral and Written Communication Skills to Explain Scientific Concepts

Comparing the slides of the histology of tissues really challenged my critical thinking skills. Manipulating the magnifications to differentiate them from one another took work. When I looked at the slides they all looked the same but when I applied what I had learned about a particular tissue I began to see differences. The type of epithelium it contained, the muscle tissue surrounding it, and the cells such as goblet that they contained. I think I got much better at distinguishing the tissues throughout  Bio 211.   MyA&P website on histology assisted in allowing me to compare the tissue.

Objective76: Differentiate Between Zygote, Morula, and Blastocyst

 http://www.ehd.org/movies.php?mov_id=6
This all occurs during the first week of being conceive.
Morula is the process where the zygote begins to divide and multiply into many cells.
A blastocyst begins at day 5 in mammals after fertilization.
A zygote is the initial cell formed after a sperm and egg have joined.

Objective73: Compare and Contrast Oogenesis and Spermagenesis

This video describes it about as simple as you can. I followed along in the chart as he explained it. The side by side comparisons are easy to follow as he spoke about mitotic division.

Objective8: Demonstrate Correct Care and Safe Use of Instruments, Equipment, and Living Organisms

This site refreshed my memory of the proper use of the equipment, mainly the microscope. I learned this stuff in biology 100 but refamiliarized myself with this site.

Objective71: Explore how Spermatozoa Move Through the Female Reproductive Tract

The spermatozoa moving through the female reproductive tract.(page 907-8) is easy to understand on this page of the book. The pictures are also helpful in applying the information to the anatomy. Pretty amazing, the way the body works especially in the reproductive system.

Objective74: Distinguish Between Diploid Germ Cells and Haploid Sex Cells

The differences are simply explained on this website. This is where I learned the differences in the number of chromosomes 23/46. I was able to understand the the process and how the cells divide. I learned that diploid cells are formed as a result of mitotic cell division whereas haploid cells(the sex cells) are formed in meiotic cell division. I like to learn from these videos that a chart to visualize the comparisons.

Objective58,78: Distinguish Between the Different Parts(Gross and Histology) of the Alimentary Canal in Terms of Structure and Function, Relate Structure and Function of the Endocrine System to Digestion

Trachea

 Duodenum

Stomach

 Ileum

Ileum with peyers patches

Colon

Large Intestine



All of these slides helped me to study and understand the alimentary canal and their functions. They are pictured in this website. Their functions are described  here.http://coloncancer.about.com/od/glossaries/g/AlimentaryCanal.htm

Objective20,54: Describe the Structure, Functions, Life Cycle and Production of Erthrocytes, Address How Erythropoietin Regulates Red Blood Cell Production

This is how I studied the structure, function, and production of erythrocytes. It also explains how erythropoietin regulates red blood cell production.http://sickle.bwh.harvard.edu/iron_epo.html. I liked the way it started with the stem cell and traced the process through to the proerythroblasts. It also does a good job in explaining the importance of iron as it relates to the red blood cells.

Objective50: Demonstrate Spirometer Use and Examine Spirogram Data

The Physio lab we did helped me come to understand the spirometer and how it worked. I like the way these exercises walked me through whats happening and how it is measured. Following along in the lab book clearly explained the processes along the way.

Objective45: Characterize the Neuronal network that Controls Respiration

This website taught me about the neurons of the respiratory system. I was able to understand how it fired, when, and the path it took to accomplish its goal. It also explained to me how the respiratory system depended on the brain and spinal cord to carry out the process of breathing.

Objective16: Outline the Path of Blood Flow Through the Chambers of the Heart and Through the Systemic and Pulmonary Circulation

This website showed the flow of blood throughout the heart and lungs. It showed the chambers of the heart and valves in action. The heart is an amazing thing considering its size and the volume of blood it circulates. Just as amazing is its complexity when you consider the conductivity that needs to happen in order to make everything happen.

Objective23: Identify the Major Vessels Entering and Leaving the Heart

I became very familiar with the major vessels entering and leaving the heart from this diagram. It is how I learned about the aorta, vena cavas, and pulmonary arteries and veins. Labeling these vessels over and over helped me become fluent with the heart and its vessels. Its always been amazing to me the size of superior and inferior vena cavas. They were easy to identify on the cat during the dissection.

Objective21: Explain ABO Blood Types and Their Importance in Blood Transfusions

This site is where I learned about ABO blood types and why they are important to blood transfusions. I learned of the four principle blood types(A,B,AB,and O). It also became clear that there are basically 2 antigens and 2 antibodies.

ABO Blood Type
		Antigen A	Antigen B		Antibody anti-A	Antibody Anti-B
A		yes	no		no	yes
B		no	yes		yes	no
O		no	no		yes	yes
AB		yes	yes		no	no

Objective29,30: Compare the Structure and Function of Arteries, Arterioles, Capillaries, Venules and Veins

This is where I learned about the structure and functions of the blood vessels. It also explains the heart valves and how they operate to ensure blood flow throughout the cardiac cycle. I could listen to parts of the video at a time and then come back to it another day to finish the video or review for a test. I found it much more interesting than the reading.

Objective28: Explain the Meaning of an Electrocardiogram and its Diagnostic Importance

This website clearly explained the electrocardiogram in a way I could understand. It also describes its importance and why it it used in clinical practice. It is a great tool for studying and detecting heart problems.

Objective26: Review the Cardiac Cycle as it Relates to the Electrical Conducting System

This video significantly helped me to comprehend the electrical system of the heart. It describes the firing of the nodes as well as its travel through the heart. It also helped me to understand each sequence of the electrical excitation and where it was located.  

Objective14: Describe the Location, Histology, Hormones and Functions of the Thyroid Gland, the Parathyroid Glands, the Adrenal Glands, the Pancreas, the Ovaries, the Testes, the Pineal Gland and the Thymus

I learned the locations of these glands on myA&P. I'm not sure I ever really got the hang of the histology at all but this part of the site helped me tremendously. What I would do is click on the (A) for adrenal gland and it shows me the histology of that particular gland or tissue. I did that for each of the reproductive glands listed above. The hormones I learned from this section of the site.

Objective79: Locate the Structures of the Male and Female Reproductive Systems

Thanks to myA&P.com again. Any time I wanted to learn the structures of organs and their locations I would go to this site. I would label these diagrams over and over until I could do it with out missing one. Then, I would go to something else and come back to it to make sure I had it down really well. The reproductive organs were no different. This is how I learned both the male and female reproductive systems.

Objective5: Explain Why the Hypothalamus is Classified as an Endocrine Gland

I learned a great deal about the hypothalamus by reading this website. I can see why it is an endocrine gland. It also explains that it secretes its hormones through the anterior and posterior pituitary glands. I can see the many functions of the hypothalamus. It releases and inhibits hormones that control the secretion of hormones by the anterior pituitary gland and it produces ADH and oxytocin for storage in the posterior pituitary gland.

Objective4: Differentiate the Differences Between Endocrine and Exocrine Glands

The first two pages in the textbook on the endocrine system explained the differences between endocrine and exocrine glands. This is where I learned that exocrine glands produce non hormonal substances like sweat on the bodies exterior while endocrine glands are ductless and secrete hormones.

Objective33: Describe thr Role of Skeletal Muscle Contractions and Venous Valves in Returning Blood to the Heart

This page in the textbook showed me how skeletal muscle works with the vessels to return blood to the heart. It illustrates the direction of flow, open and closed valves, and the contracted skeletal muscle used to return blood to the heart. It reminds me of pumping water through a fire hose. The longer the hose line is the more pressure is needed to reach the designated target. As the blood gets further away from the heart, it needs help from skeletal muscle to reach its destination(the heart). The veins also have valves to prevent the back flow of blood.

Objective55: Trace the Path of Blood Flow Through the Kidneys

This is what I used to learn the path of blood through the kidneys. Its simply spelled out and I was able to learn the vessels involved. Afferent and Efferent arterioles, as well as, aorta and vena cava are among the vessels easy to follow in this website.

Objective51,52: Describe Kidney Functions, Their Involvement in Blood Pressure and Blood Volume Regulation

The kidney functions and their involvement in blood pressure are described in detail and put in a way I was able to understand. It explained to me the way that the kidneys secrete or hold fluids in response to hormones to thin or thicken the blood. It explains how the kidneys produce more or less urine in response to ADH released by the posterior pituitary gland. For the first time, I understood how the kidneys reabsorbed more water and produced less urine in response to antidiuretic hormone(ADH).

Objectives34,35,37,38: Describe the Formation and Flow of Lymph, Discuss its Components and Function, Relate Edema and Blood Flow, Compare the Structure and Functions of the Lymphatic Organs and Tissues

These objectives are all clear on this website of the lymphatic system. It explained in detail the components and function, formation and flow, and how it relates to the immune system. It also shows the lymph vessels and the collecting ducts on the body. I can clearly see how the lymph systems works with the circulatory system. It explains hydrostatic and osmotic pressure at the capillary beds to the lymph vessels.

Objective41: Summarize the Development and Maturation of B and T Lymphocytes

Along with attending the lecture in class and listening to the pod casts, I found this website that really explained to me the B and T lymphocytes. It gave me a basic understanding of where they are formed and mature. I feel it was easier to follow than the book on this subject. It gave me the basic preparation I needed before going back to the pod casted lectures. I did not get the basics before going to the first lecture.

Objective25,31,32,: Recall Physiology of the Heart and Blood Vessels, Locate Major Arteries Branching off the Aorta and Regions on the Body They Supply Blood, Identify the Major Veins Draining to the Superior and Inferior Vena Cavae

These diagrams, heart, arteries, and veins showed me the flow of blood through the body. It clearly shows how the blood flows through the heart, into the arteries, and back to the heart from the veins. They also showed me the major vessels entering and leaving the heart. It was easy to follow these major vessels as they split into smaller vessels as they weaved there way to the distal portions of the body and back.

Objective68,70: Recognize How Chemical Buffers Interact to Protect the Body Against Lethal Changes of pH, Recognize How the Lungs and Kidneys Interact to Protect the Body Against Lethal Changes of pH

This page clearly explained to me how bicarbonate, phosphate, and protein buffers act to keep the our bodies in homeostasis by not letting our pH levels get out of whack. It showed me how the binding or releasing of H+ regulate and keep our pH levels at a constant level. It explains that blood pH stays very close to 7.4.

Objective67: Contrast Volume and Electrolyte Content in Inter and Extracellular Fluid Compartments

With this text I was able to understand the the roll of sodium balance as it relates to blood pressure and volume. I like the phase water follows salt. Whether its inter or extracellular fluid; sodium is the key to thickening or thinning the blood and effecting blood pressure.

Objective66: Identify the 3 Basic Tasks Performed by the Nephrons and Collecting Ducts

It all made scene to me when I read this page in the textbook. The way blood is filtered in Bowman's capsule. The way urine is formed and fluid is secreted and reabsorbed.  

Objective18: List the Principle Physical Characteristics of Blood

This page in the textbook clearly listed and explained the characteristics of blood. I learned about the shape and size of the red blood cells. I also was able to see the difference with the white blood cells. It shows very clearly that there are many more red than white blood cells.

Objective19: Describe the Principle Components of Blood

I learned the major components of blood from this page in the textbook. I can clearly see the seperation of the components in the test tube. It shows the percentages of plasma and the formed elements. 

Objective69: Assess How Water Excess and Dehydration Affect Kidney Function

These pages explained to me the disorders associated with dehydration and hypotonic hydration. It also helped me make the connection with ADH and the posterior Pituitary Gland. I also learned how extreme water loss can lead to inadequate blood volume.

Objective24: Describe the Structures of the Heart

I learned the structures of the heart and its anatomy by repetition. I went over labeling and matching these structures many, many, many times. It especially helped me by giving me a basis before trying to identify these parts in the lab. Identifying these structures on the sheep heart became much easier after seeing them over and over in the diagram. For me, the labeling games on this website were the single best study material I used both this semester and last.

Objective68: Buffer

Objective66:

Objective9: Compare and Contrast Bond Types

The bond types are clearly listed and explained in this website. Along with the textbook, it enabled me to understand other functions associated with these bonds. The hydrogen bonding of water is one of these functions. It became clear to me why an insect can walk across water. Also, I can understand that this bond is broken when an additive is added to water to decrease surface tension to become more effective in extinguishing fire.

Objective10: Identify Classes of Hormones

The classes of hormones are clearly identified and explained on this website. Along with the endocrine chapter in the book, I was able to read and learn these classes. This site also explained how each class works and how they function.

Objective1:Understanding Overall Body Homeostasis with Regard to the Effects of Aging

This site explained the effects of aging on homeostasis in an easy to understand format. Unfortunately, I'm living those effects right now. It seems like every month I have a new injury. Just like in any machinery or vehicle, parts wear out or break down. I'm learning that first hand. Not only do injuries happen more frequently, they take longer to recover.
 
 I see these effects in my clinicals when I go to the assisted living facilities. I see the breakdown of the epithelium, muscle weakness and atrophy, as well as dementia. The body does not get the vitamin D it needs to produce calcium, immobility causes muscle to deteriorate, and the lack of dopamine production causes memory loss.

Objective17:List and Describe the Functions of Blood

The functions of blood are clearly listed and described at this site. It helped me to understand how oxygen is delivered, metabolic wastes are eliminated, and hormones are transported. It also explained the regulation and protective functions.

Objective22:Understanding the Blood Clotting Process

This video was great in explaining the clotting process in an easy to understand format. It not only explained the clotting process but also how this process helps keep the body in homeostasis.

Objective43,44: Describe the Anatomy and Histology of the Nose, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, and Lungs, Locate and Identify the Functions of each Respiratory System Structure

The labeling diagrams on the My A&P website really allowed me to become familiar with these structures. I like going over the labeling several times to get it down real well. I use this site for every chapter to learn the anatomy of any body part we are on at the time.
http://media.pearsoncmg.com/bc/bc_marieb_hap_8/artLblAct/figure_22_04ab/figure_22_04ab.html

The chapter questions and tests also help me with learning the material.

Objective27: Heart Sounds

These heart sounds allowed me to hear the different rhythms and understand what the book was talking about when it would describe a leaky valve or irregular heartbeat such as a murmur.

Objective59: The Microscopic Anatomy of the Liver.

Anatomy of  Liver

This website was great in helping me to understand the histology of the liver. It helped me learn the anatomy and the structural units of the cell.

Objective60: Enzymatic and Bicarbonate contents of Pancreatic Juices

http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/michael.gregory/files/bio%20102/bio%20102%20lectures/digestive%20system/digestive%20system.htm


This website really helped me to put together everything I learned about the subject. The lecture in lab was a great help as well but this really put everything together.